pandas 1.5 FTBFS with Python 3.12 with multiple test failures:
https://launchpadlibrarian.net/696823773/buildlog_ubuntu-noble-amd64.pandas_1.5.3+dfsg-6build1_BUILDING.txt.gz

The above upstream report suggests that this is fixed in pandas 2.1
(currently in experimental).  Given the number of test failures,
upgrading to that may be the only reasonable solution.  However, as
noted in #1043240, this will break other packages.

We believe that the bug you reported is fixed in the latest version of
pandas, which is due to be installed in the Debian FTP archive.

A summary of the changes between this version and the previous one is
attached.

Thank you for reporting the bug, which will now be closed.  If you
have further comments please address them to 1055801@bugs.debian.org,
and the maintainer will reopen the bug report if appropriate.

Debian distribution maintenance software
pp.
Rebecca N. Palmer <rebecca_palmer@zoho.com> (supplier of updated pandas package)

(This message was generated automatically at their request; if you
believe that there is a problem with it please contact the archive
administrators by mailing ftpmaster@ftp-master.debian.org)
Format: 1.8
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 20:16:44 +0000
Source: pandas
Architecture: source
Version: 1.5.3+dfsg-7
Distribution: unstable
Urgency: medium
Maintainer: Debian Science Team <debian-science-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>
Changed-By: Rebecca N. Palmer <rebecca_palmer@zoho.com>
Closes: 1055801
Changes:
 pandas (1.5.3+dfsg-7) unstable; urgency=medium
 .
   * Be compatible with Python 3.12.  (Closes: #1055801, LP: #2043895)
   * Use cython3-legacy (workaround for #1056828).
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That doesn't actually fix them all (and it's now unclear why I ever
thought it did - possibly mistaking 'has a python3.12 package' for
'tests with python3.12 by default'?), but at least the ones that are
left all look like exceptions not wrong answers.

I intend to look into this further.

Hi Rebecca

We've reached the point in adding Python 3.12 as a supported version
[1] where these test failures should easily be reproducible in
unstable now.

Regards
Graham

[1] https://lists.debian.org/debian-python/2023/12/msg00000.html

The remaining test failures (all pytables-related) exist in both pandas
1.5 and 2.1, and do not appear to be known upstream.

If they are all crashes rather than wrong answers (which I think they
are), I intend to ignore them for now to unblock this, but still
consider them bugs.

Hi Rebecca

That sounds good, thank you!

Regards
Graham

In 1.5.3+dfsg-8, these are ignored, so are no longer an FTBFS but are
still a bug.  I don't know whether they're a pandas bug or a pytables
bug; they don't appear to be known to either upstream.

(The build failure on armhf, #1057805, was because this xfail took
precedence over the existing run=False xfail and hence exposed a
long-known crash, #790925.  This should be fixed in -9.)

If the 'affects' is because you were trying to test those reverse
dependencies in Python 3.12, this should now be possible.